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Dinesh club

Posted: 17 Nov 2023

Taken: 17 Nov 2023

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THE HISTORY OF WESTERN SOCEITY •
Volume I •
McKay, Hill, Buckler •
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Defeat of the Spanish Armada
The crescent-shaped formation was designed to force the English to fight at close quarters -- by ramming and boarding. when the English sent burning ships against the Spaniards, the crescent broke up, the English pounded the individual ships, and an Atlantic gale swept the Spaniards into the North Sea, finishing the work of destruction (National Maritime Museum, London)

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 Dinesh
Dinesh club
On May 1588, ‘la felicissima armada’ – “The most fortunate fleet,” as it was ironically called in official documents – sailed from Lisbon harbor on the last medieval crusade. The Spanish fleet of 130 vessels carried 123,790 cannon balls and perhaps 30,000 men, every one of whom had confessed his sins and received the Eucharist. An English fleet of about 150 ships met the Spanish in the Channel. It was composed of smaller, faster, more maneuverable ships, many of which had greater firing power. A combination of storms and squalls, spoiled food and rank water, inadequate Spanish ammunition, and to a esser extent, English fire ships that caused the Spanish to panic and scatter, gave England the victory. Many Spanish ships went to the bottom of the ocean; perhaps 65 managed to crawl home by way of the North sea.

The defeat of the Spanish Armada was decisive, however, in the sense that it prevented Philip II from reimposing unity on western Europe by force. He did not conquer England, and Elizabeth continued her financial military support of the Dutch. In the Netherlands, however, neither side gained significant territory. The borders of 1581 tended to become permanent. In 1609 Philip III of Spain (1598-1621) agreed to a truce, in effect recognizing the independence of the United Provinces. In seventeenth-century Spain memory of defeat of the Armada contributed to a spirit of defeatism. ~ page 483

A History of Western Society
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