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Photo by Dinesh
. . . . . “No matter how many instances of white swans we may have observed, this does not justify the conclusion that all swans are white.” With this, Popper dismissed the idea that the truth of any nontrivial hypothesis can be established through any amount of supporting evidence. The criticism was a re-articulation of David Hume’s Problem of Induction, posed over two hundred years before. But Popper proposed a solution. He argued that the only logically valid path to certain knowledge is ‘refutation’ -- a single instance of a black swan would be enough to disprove the hypothesis that all swans are white. Hence, scientists should not strive to confirm hypothesis, but to refute them. ` Page 18
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