Voltaire
A UNIQUE LOCATION IN SPACE AND TIME
SILENT THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS
VERIFIABLE STATEMENTS
THE POWER OF BELIEF
TO DO IS TO KNOW
VOTES FOR WOMEN
NATURE'S LEADERS
RUSSIAN DISSIDENTS
William James
The Means of subsistence
JACQUES LACAN
THE DANCING PHILOSOPHER
LIVING TO THE FULL
EXISTENTIAL ANGST
Checking the Facts
BERTRAND RUSSELL
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
SHACKLED BY VALUE SYSTESM
The POWER of IDEAS
POLARIZATION OF THE CLASSES
KARL MARX
Hegel
Man's Oneness with Nature
Representation and Reality
ABOVE AND BEYOND
The LEGACY of SCHOPENHAUER
Arthur Schopenhauer
THE NATURE OF EXPERIENCE
Denis Diderot
IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER
Knowledge of the External World
A LADY AT HER MIRROR, JEAN RAOUX (1720s)
RULED BY THE HEART
THE STROMING OF THE BASTIEEL
INTELLECTUALS GATHERING AT THE CAFE D'ALEXANDRE, P…
DECLARATIONS OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN
YALE UNIVERISTY
John Locke
VOILA D'AMORE
Benedict Spinoza
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
LEIBNIZ WITH QUEEN SOPHIA CHARLOTTE OF PRUSSIA
THE PICTURE THEORY OF MEANING
QUEEN CHRISTINA OF SWEDEN & DESCARTES
THE GREAT RATIONALISTS
THE TRIAL OF GALILEO
THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM
Checking the facts
Boethius and Lady Philosophy
SAINT AUGUSTINE
διογένης / Diogenes
REMBRANDT, THE TWO PHILOSOPHERS (1628)
Urizen
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Einstein
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IS THE MOST RELIABLE AND USEFUL KNOWLEDGE THAT HUMAN BEINGS POSSESS
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Upheavals in modern science have changed our understanding of what knowledge is, and have therefore changed philosophy. Because scientific knowledge is the most practically reliable and useful knowledge that human beings possess, any view of what knowledge itself is, any account of the nature of knowledge as such, has to apply to science if it is to be plausible. In fact for much of the history of Western philosophy investigations into the nature of knowledge have been science-led. This has been especially true during the last four hundred years.
In the 20th century in particular profound changes took place in science, which was found to be something radically different from what had previously been supposed. In physics alone, two great upheavals occurred. Einstein’s theories of relativity superseded traditional science. Then along came quantum theory, which was logically incompatible with relativity theory and yet produced results that were every bit as accurate. It is not possible for both theories to be correct, indeed it is likely that both are incorrect, yet both are in everyday use and give minutely accurate results. This led to the realization that even the best of our knowledge consists of man-made theories that are fallible and corrigible -- theories that we ourselves hope and expect to replace with better theories sooner or later. Human knowledge is fallible precisely because it is human; and we are now challenged with the realization that it does not consist of cast-iron, unchanging certainties, as people use to believe.
Not only have the scientists radically altered our conception of what knowledge is. They have done more than the philosophers of their day to change our understanding of concepts which are utterly fundamental to our experience of the world, concepts such as “time,” “space,” “matter,” and “physical object.” So it may be that when historian in the future look back at our age they will see the path-breaking scientists as having been, in effect, also the path-breaking philosophers, in that it is they who have done the most to change peoples’ philosophical understanding of the world. ` Page 225
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