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How much pleasure do you get from your car?
Leave Us Out Of It
Misty Morning
Day of Mist
A Random Walk Down the Wall Street
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Photographing Manai
Advantage Asia?
Barak Obama
Winter Evening
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Backyard Winter
I'm not a person
Only Words
Speed
Fuegia Basket
Kurt Godel's equation
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Winter Trail
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Cotton
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Proto Indo-Europen
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Now take a look at the Cemetry
Manai, Wales UK
Downtown, East Lansing, Michigan
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@ In a speech production, for example, an initial intention to communicate is followed (or perhaps accompanied) by some kind of conceptualization of the message
@ There has also to be a point at which this conceptualization is encoded into the semantic and syntactic structure of the language used by the speaker (though it is not clear how far this stage can be separated from the preceding one)
@ If the structure is to be spoken, it must first be given some sort of phonological representation (e.g., as syllables, phonemes, or distinctive features)
@ A motor-control programme must then be used, to coordinate the multiplicity of signals that have to be sent to the appropriate muscles controlling the different parts of the vocal tract
@ While this activity takes place, it is being constantly self-monitored: feedback is being received from the ear, from the sense of touch, and from the internal sensations generated by the movement of parts of the body (proprioceptive feedback)
Other kinds of internal monitoring, at ‘higher’ levels, may also take place. An analogous sequence of events would be involved in the structure were to be written or signed.
The nature of neurolinguistic programmes has attracted a great deal of research in recent years, especially in relation to speech production. It is evident, for example, that the brain does not issue motor commands one segment at a time. a word such as soup is not neurologically transmitted as three separate steps ~ [s] + [u] + [p]. the articulation of [s] is lip-rounded, under the influence of the following vowel, which shows that the brain must be ‘scanning ahead’ while issuing commands for particular segments (coarticulation)
When we consider the whole range of factors that affect the timing of speech events (such as breathing rate, the movement and coordination of the articulators, the onset of vocal-fold vibration, the location of stress, and the placement and duration of pauses), it is evident that a highly sophisticated control system must be employed, otherwise speech would degenerate into an erratic, disorganized set of noises. It is now recognized that many areas of the brain are involved: in particular, the cerebellum and thalamus are known to assist the cortex in exercising this control. ~ Page 176/177 [How Language works ` David Crystal]
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